ABSTRACT
Background: Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder that affects multiple organs and is characterized by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction or both in the second half of pregnancy. NGAL is a 25-KDa protein of the lipocalin family and is considered to be a novel biomarker for ischemic injury. The objective of this study is to compare the levels of serum NGAL in preeclamptic patients and gestational age matched normotensive controls.Methods: The study design is case control study in which pregnant women with preeclampsia (n=40) are selected as cases. Cases were selected from pregnant women attending OG-OPD and IP satisfying the inclusion criteria and not coming under exclusion criteria. 0.5ml of blood was collected in vacutainers and was centrifuged at 3500rpm for 10 minutes. The serum thus separated was aliquoted into smaller plain containers and stored at -20 degree Celsius for analysis. The urine sample was also collected. Controls were also selected from the OP patients.Results: In present study, the serum NGAL ranged from 40-900ng/ml in cases and from 110-795ng/ml in controls. There is no difference in NGAL between cases and control. The correlation coefficients between the NGAL levels and other parameters like maternal age, gestational age, systolic Blood pressure, diastolic Blood pressure, uric acid levels, urine PCR are also not statistically significant.Conclusions: Serum NGAL levels are not significantly elevated in patients with preeclampsia when compared with the normotensive controls and also there is no significant correlation between serum NGAL levels and other assessed parameters.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: CD34 Immunohistochemical antigen serves as a tool in differentiating between benign and malignant conditions. Hence, the study was conducted to determine the stromal expression of CD34 antigen by immunohistochemical method in proliferative lesions of the breast and to evaluate the loss of CD34 antigen expression in stromal cells is specific for malignant lesions. Materials and methods: 108 cases of proliferative lesions of the breast were studied from January 2016 to December 2017 for some time of 2 years. Paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved for all the cases and underwent routine processing followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. 84 cases of the benign lesion, one case of the borderline lesion and 23 cases of the malignant lesion were studied for CD34 immunohistochemical staining, and semi-quantitative assessment was done. Results: On Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, we have found benign lesions includes 63 cases of fibroadenoma, 7, 4, and 3 cases of the fibrocystic disease, fibro adenosis and fibroadenoma respectively with apocrine metaplasia. Malignant lesions include 22 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma, one case of infiltrating lobular carcinoma. One case of borderline phyllodes tumor was also included in this study. In normal breast tissue, stroma was positive for CD34 IHC stain. All the malignant cases are showing loss of CD34 staining. Only one case of borderline phyllodes tumor shows grade 2 staining with CD 34 Antigen. Conclusion: We can concluded that the use of CD34 Immunohistochemical marker positivity as an adjuvant tool in differentiating between benign and malignant conditions where the morphology is equivocal.